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upper fibres

  • 1 upper fibres

    Строительство: верхние волокна

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > upper fibres

  • 2 upper fibres

    Англо-русский строительный словарь > upper fibres

  • 3 верхние волокна

    Русско-английский словарь по строительству и новым строительным технологиям > верхние волокна

  • 4 fibre

    Англо-русский строительный словарь > fibre

  • 5 верхние волокна

    Construction: upper fibres

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > верхние волокна

  • 6 волокно

    fiber, filament, ( древесины) grain, thread
    * * *
    волокно́ с.
    fibre
    в направле́нии волокна́ — with grain
    мати́ровать волокно́ — mat fibres
    паралле́льно волокну́ — parallel to grain
    перпендикуля́рно волокну́ — perpendicular to grain
    получа́ть волокно́ по мо́крому спо́собу пряде́ния — wet-spin a fibre
    получа́ть волокно́ по сухо́му спо́собу пряде́ния — dry-spin a fibre
    получа́ть волокно́ пряде́нием из распла́ва — melt-spin a fibre
    прода́вливать волокно́ че́рез филье́ру — extrude through a spinneret
    про́тив (направле́ния) волокна́ — against grain
    прясть волокно́ — spin fibres
    руби́ть волокно́ на шта́пель — chop [cut, break] into staple fibres
    волокно́ сопротивля́ется смина́нию (хорошо, плохо) — the fibre resists wrinkling (well, poorly)
    трепа́ть волокно́ — scutch fibres
    чеса́ть волокно́ — hackle fibres
    акри́ловое волокно́ — acrylic fibre
    акрилонитри́льное волокно́ — acrylonitrile fibre
    альгина́тное волокно́ — alginate rayon
    волокно́ «ани́д» — Anide polyamide fibre (Soviet brand of nylon)
    асбе́стовое волокно́ — asbestos fibre
    ацета́тное волокно́ — cellulose acetate rayon
    база́льтовое волокно́ — basalt fibre, basalt wool
    воло́кна ба́лки мех.fibres of beam
    белко́вое волокно́ — regenerated protein fibre
    ве́рхнее волокно́ мех. — top [upper] fibre
    волокно́ «вино́л» — Vinol polyvinyl fibre (proprietary brand of Soviet-made fibre)
    виско́зное волокно́ — viscose fibre, viscose rayon
    гетероцепно́е волокно́ — heterochain fibre
    гидратцеллюло́зное волокно́ — cellulose-regenerated fibre
    гольево́е волокно́ кож.hide fibre
    диацета́тное волокно́ — cellulose acetate rayon
    волокно́ древеси́ны ( структура дерева) — (wood) grain
    древе́сное волокно́ ( получаемое из древесины) — wood [ligneous] fibre
    волокно́ живо́тного происхожде́ния — animal fibre
    волокно́ из фторопла́ста — polytetrafluorethylene [PTFE] fibre
    иску́сственное волокно́ — rayon
    иску́сственное, белко́вое волокно́ — regenerated protein fibre
    иску́сственное, целлюло́зное волокно́ — regenerated cellulose fibre
    капро́новое волокно́ — kapron (polycaprolactam) fibre (proprietary name of a Soviet-made fibre)
    карбоцепно́е волокно́ — carbochain fibre
    волокно́ ко́жи ( структура) — leather fibre
    коллаге́новое волокно́ — collagen fibre
    ко́рдное волокно́ — cordage fibre
    волокно́ «лавса́н» — Lavsan polyester fibre (proprietary name of a Soviet-made fibre)
    листово́е волокно́ — leaf fibre
    ло́мкое волокно́ — brittle fibre
    лубяно́е волокно́ — bast fibre
    льняно́е волокно́ — flax fibre
    ме́дно-аммиа́чное волокно́ — cuprammonuim [copper] rayon
    минера́льное волокно́ — mineral fibre
    натура́льное волокно́ — natural fibre
    незре́лое волокно́ — unripe [unmature] fibre
    неоргани́ческое волокно́ — inorganic fibre
    волокно́ «нитро́н» — Nitron polyacrylic fibre (proprietary name of a Soviet-made fibre)
    нитратцеллюло́зное волокно́ — cellulose nitrate fibre, nitrate rayon
    опти́ческое волокно́ ( в волоконной оптике) — optical fibre
    органи́ческое волокно́ — organic fibre
    пенько́вое волокно́ — hemp fibre
    перхлорвини́ловое волокно́ — perchlorovinyl fibre
    плодо́вое волокно́ — fruit-hair fibre
    полиакри́ловое волокно́ — polyacrylic fibre
    полиакрилонитри́ловое волокно́ — polyacrilonitrile fibre
    полиами́дное волокно́ — polyamide fibre
    поливинилакри́ловое волокно́ — polyvinyl-acrylic fibre
    поливинилацета́тное волокно́ — polyvinyl-acetate fibre
    поливини́ловое волокно́ — polyvinyl fibre
    поливинилспиртово́е волокно́ — polyvinyl alcohol fibre (in the USSR, manufactured under the trade name of Vinol)
    поливинилхлори́дное волокно́ — polyvinyl-chloride [PVC] fibre
    полипропиле́новое волокно́ — polypropylene fibre
    полистиро́льное волокно́ — polystyrene fibre
    полиурета́новое волокно́ — polyurethane fibre
    полихлорвини́ловое волокно́ — polyvinylchloride [PVC] fibre
    полиэтиле́новое волокно́ — polyethylene fibre
    полиэфи́рное волокно́ — polyester fibre
    попере́чное волокно́ мех.transverse fibre
    расти́тельное волокно́ — vegetable fibre
    растя́нутое волокно́ мех.tension fibre
    регенери́рованное волокно́ — regenerated fibre
    семенно́е волокно́ — seed-hair fibre
    сжа́тое волокно́ мех.compression fibre
    синтети́ческое волокно́ ( из синтетических исходных материалов) — synthesized [synthetic(-base) ] fibre
    смоли́стое волокно́ — gummy fibre
    стекля́нное волокно́ — glass fibre
    волокно́ сте́ржня мех.fibre of a bar
    тексти́льное волокно́ — textile fibre
    тексти́льное, натура́льное волокно́ — natural textile fibre
    теплоизоляцио́нное волокно́ — heat-insulation fibre
    техни́ческое волокно́ — industrial fibre
    торфяно́е волокно́ — peat fibre
    триацета́тное волокно́ — cellulose triacetate fibre
    хими́ческое волокно́ — chemical [man-made] fibre
    хру́пкое волокно́ — brittle fibre
    шта́пельное волокно́ — staple fibre

    Русско-английский политехнический словарь > волокно

  • 7 Paul, Lewis

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    d. April 1759 Brook Green, London, England
    [br]
    English inventor of hand carding machines and partner with Wyatt in early spinning machines.
    [br]
    Lewis Paul, apparently of French Huguenot extraction, was quite young when his father died. His father was Physician to Lord Shaftsbury, who acted as Lewis Paul's guardian. In 1728 Paul made a runaway match with a widow and apparently came into her property when she died a year later. He must have subsequently remarried. In 1732 he invented a pinking machine for making the edges of shrouds out of which he derived some profit.
    Why Paul went to Birmingham is unknown, but he helped finance some of Wyatt's earlier inventions. Judging by the later patents taken out by Paul, it is probable that he was the one interested in spinning, turning to Wyatt for help in the construction of his spinning machine because he had no mechanical skills. The two men may have been involved in this as early as 1733, although it is more likely that they began this work in 1735. Wyatt went to London to construct a model and in 1736 helped to apply for a patent, which was granted in 1738 in the name of Paul. The patent shows that Paul and Wyatt had a number of different ways of spinning in mind, but contains no drawings of the machines. In one part there is a description of sets of rollers to draw the cotton out more finely that could have been similar to those later used by Richard Arkwright. However, it would seem that Paul and Wyatt followed the other main method described, which might be called spindle drafting, where the fibres are drawn out between the nip of a pair of rollers and the tip of the spindle; this method is unsatisfactory for continuous spinning and results in an uneven yarn.
    The spinning venture was supported by Thomas Warren, a well-known Birmingham printer, Edward Cave of Gentleman's Magazine, Dr Robert James of fever-powder celebrity, Mrs Desmoulins, and others. Dr Samuel Johnson also took much interest. In 1741 a mill powered by two asses was equipped at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, with, machinery for spinning cotton being constructed by Wyatt. Licences for using the invention were sold to other people including Edward Cave, who established a mill at Northampton, so the enterprise seemed to have great promise. A spinning machine must be supplied with fibres suitably prepared, so carding machines had to be developed. Work was in hand on one in 1740 and in 1748 Paul took out another patent for two types of carding device, possibly prompted by the patent taken out by Daniel Bourn. Both of Paul's devices were worked by hand and the carded fibres were laid onto a strip of paper. The paper and fibres were then rolled up and placed in the spinning machine. In 1757 John Dyer wrote a poem entitled The Fleece, which describes a circular spinning machine of the type depicted in a patent taken out by Paul in 1758. Drawings in this patent show that this method of spinning was different from Arkwright's. Paul endeavoured to have the machine introduced into the Foundling Hospital, but his death in early 1759 stopped all further development. He was buried at Paddington on 30 April that year.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1738, British patent no. 562 (spinning machine). 1748, British patent no. 636 (carding machine).
    1758, British patent no. 724 (circular spinning machine).
    Further Reading
    G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, London, App. This should be read in conjunction with R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester, which shows that the roller drafting system on Paul's later spinning machine worked on the wrong principles.
    A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780, Manchester (provides good coverage of the partnership of Paul and Wyatt and the early mills).
    E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London (this publication must be mentioned, but is now out of date).
    A.Seymour-Jones, 1921, "The invention of roller drawing in cotton spinning", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 1 (a more modern account).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Paul, Lewis

  • 8 capa

    f.
    1 cloak, cape (manto).
    defender algo a capa y espada to defend something tooth and nail
    hacer de su capa un sayo to do as one pleases
    2 coat (baño) (de barniz, pintura).
    3 layer (estrato).
    capa atmosférica atmosphere
    una capa de hielo a film of ice
    capa de ozono ozone layer
    capa terrestre Earth's surface
    4 stratum, class (grupo social).
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: capar.
    * * *
    1 (prenda) cloak, cape
    2 GEOLOGÍA stratum, layer
    3 (de pintura) coat; (de polvo) layer; (de chocolate etc) coating, layer
    4 figurado (estrato social) class, stratum
    \
    andar de capa caída figurado to be on the decline, have seen better days
    defender algo a capa y espada figurado to defend something to the last
    hacer de su capa un sayo familiar to do whatever one feels like
    so capa de figurado under the pretext of
    capa freática water table
    capa pluvial RELIGIÓN pluvial, cope
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) cape, cloak
    2) coat
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=prenda) cloak, cape

    capa de agua(=chubasquero) raincape

    2) (=estrato) layer

    las capas de la atmósferathe layers o strata of the atmosphere

    amplias capas sociales o de la población — broad strata of society

    capa freática — aquifer, phreatic stratum

    3) (=recubrimiento)
    4) (Náut)

    estar o ponerse a la capa — to lie to

    5) frm

    so o bajo capa de — (=bajo la apariencia de) in o under the guise of; (=con el pretexto de) on o under the pretext of, as a pretext for

    so o bajo capa ética, predican un puritanismo extremo — in o under the guise of ethics, they are preaching extreme puritanism

    so o bajo capa de modernizar la empresa han reducido la plantilla — on o under the pretext of modernizing the company they have cut back the staff

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( revestimiento) layer

    una capa de nievea layer o carpet o blanket of snow

    bajo esa capa de amabilidad — beneath that friendly exterior, beneath that veneer of friendliness

    b) (veta, estrato) layer

    lleva el pelo cortado en or (Esp) a capas — she has layered hair

    c) ( de la población) sector

    las capas altas/bajas de la sociedad — the upper/lower strata of society

    d) (Geol) stratum
    2)
    a) (Indum) cloak, cape; ( para la lluvia) cape, rain cape

    de capa caída — downcast, down (colloq)

    defender algo a capa y espadato fight tooth and nail to defend something

    hacer de su capa un sayo — to make one's own decisions, do as one pleases

    b) (Taur) cape
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( revestimiento) layer

    una capa de nievea layer o carpet o blanket of snow

    bajo esa capa de amabilidad — beneath that friendly exterior, beneath that veneer of friendliness

    b) (veta, estrato) layer

    lleva el pelo cortado en or (Esp) a capas — she has layered hair

    c) ( de la población) sector

    las capas altas/bajas de la sociedad — the upper/lower strata of society

    d) (Geol) stratum
    2)
    a) (Indum) cloak, cape; ( para la lluvia) cape, rain cape

    de capa caída — downcast, down (colloq)

    defender algo a capa y espadato fight tooth and nail to defend something

    hacer de su capa un sayo — to make one's own decisions, do as one pleases

    b) (Taur) cape
    * * *
    capa1
    1 = coat, coating, layer, film, veneer.

    Ex: We will not accomplish that by being timid or by giving our profession a fresh coat of paint.

    Ex: A thesaurus might advise the searcher that the following alternative terms might prove fruitful: coating and other more specific terms, e.g. Printing works.
    Ex: While the layer of pulp was on this wire, the water drained away and the wire was given a sideways shake.
    Ex: The water of the stuff poured into the middle of the cylinder through its wire-mesh cover, and was immediately pumped out from one end leaving a film of fibres on the surface.
    Ex: Sexism is typically rationalized by & masked beneath an intellectual veneer.
    * aplicar una capa base = prime.
    * aplicar una capa de imprimación = prime.
    * capa de = carpet of.
    * capa de espuma sucia = scum.
    * capa de hielo = ice sheet, sheet of ice.
    * capa de ozono = ozone layer.
    * capa de pintura = coat of paint.
    * capa social más distinguida, la = crust, the.
    * capa unimolecular = monolayer.
    * capa vegetal = topsoil.
    * multicapa = multiwall.
    * por capas = multilayered [multi-layered/multi layered], multilayer, layered, tiered.
    * una capa fina de = a skim of.

    capa2
    2 = canopy, cape.

    Ex: 'Well, it's just that,' he said under a crawling canopy of smoke, trying to arrange himself easily on the hard chair.

    Ex: In real life, when I meet people wearing capes, they invariably trip on them.
    * de capa caída = at a low ebb, in (the) doldrums.
    * de capa y espada = cloak-and-dagger.
    * en forma de capa = cape-like.
    * estar de capa caída = be in the doldrums.
    * parecido a una capa = cape-like.

    * * *
    A
    1 (revestimiento, recubrimiento) layer
    una capa de nieve cubría la ciudad a layer o carpet o blanket of snow covered the city
    una capa de hielo a sheet of ice
    un pastel recubierto de una capa de chocolate a cake covered in a chocolate coating
    bajo esa capa de amabilidad beneath that friendly exterior, beneath that veneer of friendliness
    bajo la capa del cielo ( fam); in the whole world ( colloq)
    2 (veta, estrato) layer
    dos capas de crema de chocolate y una de nata two layers of chocolate and one of cream
    papel higiénico de tres capas 3-ply toilet paper
    la capa de ozono the ozone layer
    lleva el pelo cortado en or ( Esp) a capas she has layered hair
    las capas altas/bajas de la sociedad the upper/lower strata of society
    4 ( Geol) stratum
    Compuestos:
    aquifer, phreatic stratum ( tech)
    topsoil
    B
    1 ( Indum) cloak, cape; (para la lluvia) cape, rain cape
    una película de capa y espada a swashbuckling movie
    de capa caída downcast, down ( colloq)
    defender algo a capa y espada to fight tooth and nail to defend sth
    hacer de su capa un sayo to make one's own decisions, do as one pleases
    2 ( Taur) cape
    Compuestos:
    raincape
    chasuble
    * * *

     

    Del verbo capar: ( conjugate capar)

    capa es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    capa    
    capar
    capa sustantivo femenino
    1

    una capa de nieve a layer o carpet of snow;

    la capa de ozono the ozone layer;
    lleva el pelo cortado en or (Esp) a capas she has layered hair
    b) (de barniz, pintura) coat



    2
    a) (Indum) cloak, cape;


    b) (Taur) cape

    capar ( conjugate capar) verbo transitivo
    1 ( castrar) to castrate
    2 (Col fam)
    capa clase to play hooky(esp AmE colloq), to skive off (school) (BrE colloq)

    capa sustantivo femenino
    1 (recubrimiento) layer, coat
    capa de ozono, ozone layer
    2 Culin coating
    3 Geol stratum, layer
    4 (prenda) cloak, cape
    ♦ Locuciones: estar de capa caída, (desanimado) to be low-spirited
    (en decadencia) to be losing popularity
    capar verbo transitivo to castrate
    ' capa' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    barniz
    - costra
    - exterior
    - mano
    - ozono
    - película
    - capote
    - dorado
    - envolver
    - esmalte
    - espuma
    - fino
    - lecho
    - manga
    - parecido
    English:
    blanket
    - cape
    - cloak
    - cloak and dagger
    - coat
    - coating
    - film
    - frosting
    - layer
    - ozone layer
    - paint
    - pall
    - permafrost
    - ply
    - scum
    - sheet
    - strip off
    - swashbuckling
    - thin
    - undercoat
    - black
    - deposit
    - doldrums
    - ozone
    - prime
    - skin
    - thickly
    - top
    * * *
    capa nf
    1. [manto] cloak, cape;
    Fam
    andar de capa caída [persona] to be in a bad way;
    [negocio] to be struggling;
    hacer de su capa un sayo to do as one pleases
    capa pluvial [de sacerdote] cope
    2. [baño] [de barniz, pintura] coat;
    [de chocolate] coating, layer;
    hay que dar una segunda capa it needs a second coat
    3. [para encubrir] veneer;
    bajo una capa de bondad se esconde su carácter malvado her evil nature is concealed behind a veneer of kindness
    4. [estrato] layer
    capa atmosférica atmosphere; Geol capa freática aquifer;
    capa de hielo ice sheet;
    capa de nieve layer of snow;
    capa de ozono ozone layer
    5. [grupo social] stratum, class;
    las capas altas de la sociedad the upper classes, the upper strata of society;
    las capas marginales the marginalized strata of society
    6. Taurom cape
    * * *
    f
    1 layer;
    capa de nieve layer of snow;
    capa social social stratum
    2 prenda cloak;
    de persona be down fam ; de negocio not be doing well, be on the skids fam ;
    defender algo a capa y espada fight tooth and nail for something;
    hacer de su capa un sayo do as one likes;
    bajo la capa de hacer algo on the pretext of doing sth
    3 TAUR cape
    m, capa f
    1 de mafia capo, don
    star
    * * *
    capa nf
    1) : cape, cloak
    2) : coating
    3) : layer, stratum
    4) : (social) class, stratum
    * * *
    capa n
    1. (en general) layer
    2. (de pintura, barniz) coat
    3. (prenda) cloak

    Spanish-English dictionary > capa

  • 9 Hargreaves, James

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    b. c.1720–1 Oswaldtwistle, near Blackburn, England
    d. April 1778 Nottingham, England
    [br]
    English inventor of the first successful machine to spin more than a couple of yarns of cotton or wool at once.
    [br]
    James Hargreaves was first a carpenter and then a hand-loom weaver at Stanhill, Blackburn, probably making Blackburn Checks or Greys from linen warps and cotton weft. An invention ascribed to him doubled production in the preparatory carding process before spinning. Two or three cards were nailed to the same stock and the upper one was suspended from the ceiling by a cord and counterweight. Around 1762 Robert Peel (1750–1830) sought his assistance in constructing a carding engine with cylinders that may have originated with Daniel Bourn, but this was not successful. In 1764, inspired by seeing a spinning wheel that continued to revolve after it had been knocked over accidentally, Hargreaves invented his spinning jenny. The first jennies had horizontal wheels and could spin eight threads at once. To spin on this machine required a great deal of skill. A length of roving was passed through the clamp or clove. The left hand was used to close this and draw the roving away from the spindles which were rotated by the spinner turning the horizontal wheel with the right hand. The spindles twisted the fibres as they were being drawn out. At the end of the draw, the spindles continued to be rotated until sufficient twist had been put into the fibres to make the finished yarn. This was backed off from the tips of the spindles by reversing them and then, with the spindles turning in the spinning direction once more, the yarn was wound on by the right hand rotating the spindles, the left hand pushing the clove back towards them and one foot operating a pedal which guided the yarn onto the spindles by a faller wire. A piecer was needed to rejoin the yarns when they broke. At first Hargreaves's jenny was worked only by his family, but then he sold two or three of them, possibly to Peel. In 1768, local opposition and a riot in which his house was gutted forced him to flee to Nottingham. He entered into partnership there with Thomas James and established a cotton mill. In 1770 he followed Arkwright's example and sought to patent his machine and brought an action for infringement against some Lancashire manufacturers, who offered £3,000 in settlement. Hargreaves held out for £4,000, but he was unable to enforce his patent because he had sold jennies before leaving Lancashire. Arkwright's "water twist" was more suitable for the Nottingham hosiery industry trade than jenny yarn and in 1777 Hargreaves replaced his own machines with Arkwright's. When he died the following year, he is said to have left property valued at £7,000 and his widow received £400 for her share in the business. Once the jenny had been made public, it was quickly improved by other inventors and the number of spindles per machine increased. In 1784, there were reputed to be 20,000 jennies of 80 spindles each at work. The jenny greatly eased the shortage of cotton weft for weavers.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1770, British patent no. 962 (spinning jenny).
    Further Reading
    C.Aspin and S.D.Chapman, 1964, James Hargreaves and the Spinning Jenny, Helmshore Local History Society (the fullest account of Hargreaves's life and inventions).
    For descriptions of his invention, see W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London; R.L. Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester; and W.A.Hunter, 1951–3, "James Hargreaves and the invention of the spinning jenny", Transactions of
    the Newcomen Society 28.
    A.P.Wadsworth and J. de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, Manchester (a good background to the whole of this period).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Hargreaves, James

  • 10 China Grass Or Nettle

    A plant that grows in East India, Siam, Cochin China, Japan, China and elsewhere. The stem bears broad oval leaves, the upper side being smooth and green, while the under side is covered with a white woolly down. The fibre is 4-in. to 5-in. long and very strong. In its wild state it is known as Rhea and is found in almost impenetrable masses. The plant is the Baehmeria or stingless nettle and the leaves are white felted underneath; hence the name " White Ramie " sometimes given to the fibre (see Ramie). Yarns spun from this fibre are very strong, whitish in colour and lustrous (see Textile Fibres)

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > China Grass Or Nettle

  • 11 Wyatt, John

    SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy, Textiles
    [br]
    b. April 1700 Thickbroom, Weeford, near Lichfield, England
    d. 29 November 1766 Birmingham, England
    [br]
    English inventor of machines for making files and rolling lead, and co-constructor of a cotton-spinning machine.
    [br]
    John Wyatt was the eldest son of John and Jane Wyatt, who lived in the small village of Thickbroom in the parish of Weeford, near Lichfield. John the younger was educated at Lichfield school and then worked as a carpenter at Thickbroom till 1730. In 1732 he was in Birmingham, engaged by a man named Heely, a gunbarrel forger, who became bankrupt in 1734. Wyatt had invented a machine for making files and sought the help of Lewis Paul to manufacture this commercially.
    The surviving papers of Paul and Wyatt in Birmingham are mostly undated and show a variety of machines with which they were involved. There was a machine for "making lead hard" which had rollers, and "a Gymcrak of some consequence" probably refers to a machine for boring barrels or the file-making machine. Wyatt is said to have been one of the unsuccessful competitors for the erection of London Bridge in 1736. He invented and perfected the compound-lever weighing machine. He had more success with this: after 1744, machines for weighing up to five tons were set up at Birmingham, Chester, Gloucester, Hereford, Lichfield and Liverpool. Road construction, bridge building, hydrostatics, canals, water-powered engines and many other schemes received his attention and it is said that he was employed for a time after 1744 by Matthew Boulton.
    It is certain that in April 1735 Paul and Wyatt were working on their spinning machine and Wyatt was making a model of it in London in 1736, giving up his work in Birmingham. The first patent, in 1738, was taken out in the name of Lewis Paul. It is impossible to know which of these two invented what. This first patent covers a wide variety of descriptions of the vital roller drafting to draw out the fibres, and it is unknown which system was actually used. Paul's carding patent of 1748 and his second spinning patent of 1758 show that he moved away from the system and principles upon which Arkwright built his success. Wyatt and Paul's spinning machines were sufficiently promising for a mill to be set up in 1741 at the Upper Priory, Birmingham, that was powered by two asses. Wyatt was the person responsible for constructing the machinery. Edward Cave established another at Northampton powered by water while later Daniel Bourn built yet another at Leominster. Many others were interested too. The Birmingham mill did not work for long and seems to have been given up in 1743. Wyatt was imprisoned for debt in The Fleet in 1742, and when released in 1743 he tried for a time to run the Birmingham mill and possibly the Northampton one. The one at Leominster burned down in 1754, while the Northampton mill was advertised for sale in 1756. This last mill may have been used again in conjunction with the 1758 patent. It was Wyatt whom Daniel Bourn contacted about a grant for spindles for his Leominster mill in 1748, but this seems to have been Wyatt's last association with the spinning venture.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    G.J.French, 1859, The Life and Times of Samuel Crompton, London (French collected many of the Paul and Wyatt papers; these should be read in conjunction with Hills 1970).
    R.L.Hills, 1970, Power in the Industrial Revolution, Manchester (Hills shows that the rollerdrafting system on this spinning machine worked on the wrong principles). A.P.Wadsworth and J.de L.Mann, 1931, The Cotton Trade and Industrial Lancashire, 1600–1780, Manchester (provides good coverage of the partnership of Paul and Wyatt and of the early mills).
    E.Baines, 1835, History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain, London (this publication must be mentioned, although it is now out of date).
    W.English, 1969, The Textile Industry, London (a more recent account).
    W.A.Benton, "John Wyatt and the weighing of heavy loads", Transactions of the Newcomen Society 9 (for a description of Wyatt's weighing machine).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Wyatt, John

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